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MEDICINE MONOGRAPH CODE: [4.5]-CMP12 ID: TIP-MED-000282 ⚠️ HIGH-ALERT / SPECIALIST SUPERVISION

Glibenclamide (Glyburide) IP

Active Ingredient / Scientific Identity: Glibenclamide • Class: Second/Third-Generation Sulfonylurea; Pancreatic Beta-Cell Insulin Secretagogue

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THE INDIAN PHARMACIST — Educational Reference Sheet
Profile: Glibenclamide (Glyburide) IP ([4.5]-CMP12 | ID: TIP-MED-000282) • Last Reviewed: 2026-11-10
Source URL: https://theindianpharmacist.com/medicine/4-5-cmp12-glibenclamide-glyburide-ip/
Generic / Entity NameGlibenclamide (Glyburide) IP ([4.5]-CMP12)
Verified Indian Brands / RefGeneric Compendial Entry (No Commercial Brand Claimed)
Pharmacological ClassSecond/Third-Generation Sulfonylurea; Pancreatic Beta-Cell Insulin Secretagogue
Available Dosage FormsStandard approved strengths (refer to comparative context)
Regulatory ClassificationSchedule H Prescription Drug • NLEM 2022 Core Essential Medicine
Key Warning & Review DateContraindicated in severe hepatic insufficiency (impaired gluconeogenic counter-regulation).
Reviewed: 2026-11-10
Safety Matrix:⚖️ Legal Status: Schedule H Prescription Drug • NLEM 2022 Core Essent🚨 Clinically High-Alert: Independent Dose & Route Verification Required

1. Clinical & Scientific Overview

Glibenclamide (Glyburide) IP (TIP-MED-000282, Reference Code [4.5]-CMP12) is classified under Antidiabetic Medicines, Insulins & GLP-1 Agonists (Ch 04) as a Second/Third-Generation Sulfonylurea; Pancreatic Beta-Cell Insulin Secretagogue. Within the Indian regulatory and compendial framework, it is governed under Schedule H Prescription Drug • NLEM 2022 Core Essential Medicine.

Verified Indian Market Examples / Compendial Status:
Co-indexed per approved Author Decision DEC-11 (Option 11A; Inventory CSV mono-4-5). Long-acting second-generation sulfonylurea (Daonil 2.5/5 mg) with renally cleared active metabolites and cardiac SUR2A binding; strictly avoided in older adults (>65 yr) under Beers Criteria.
Co-indexed per approved Author Decision DEC-11 (Option 11A; Inventory CSV mono-4-5). Long-acting second-generation sulfonylurea (Daonil 2.5/5 mg) with renally cleared active metabolites and cardiac SUR2A binding; strictly avoided in older adults (>65 yr) under Beers Criteria.
Dosage Forms & Available Strengths:
Standard approved strengths (refer to comparative context)
Routes: Oral / Parenteral

3. Mechanism of Action & Pharmacodynamics

Co-indexed per approved Author Decision DEC-11 (Option 11A; Inventory CSV mono-4-5). Long-acting second-generation sulfonylurea (Daonil 2.5/5 mg) with renally cleared active metabolites and cardiac SUR2A binding; strictly avoided in older adults (>65 yr) under Beers Criteria.

4. Therapeutic Indications & Evidence-Supported Uses

  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (as adjunct to Metformin, diet, and exercise when glycaemic targets are not achieved)

🇮🇳 Jurisdiction & Indication Note: Indications and schedules reflect Indian compendial and regulatory records (CDSCO / Indian Pharmacopoeia & NFI / NLEM 2022). Where international reference labels (US FDA DailyMed / NCBI StatPearls) are cited for pharmacokinetic or mechanistic parameters, international approvals do not automatically imply CDSCO approval in India.

5. Educational Dosage Context, Formulations & Administration

Educational Dosing & Regimen Summary: Co-indexed per approved Author Decision DEC-11 (Option 11A; Inventory CSV mono-4-5). Long-acting second-generation sulfonylurea (Daonil 2.5/5 mg) with renally cleared active metabolites and cardiac SUR2A binding; strictly avoided in older adults (>65 yr) under Beers Criteria.

Administration & Meal Timing: Oral; administer immediately before or during the first substantial meal of the day. Never take if skipping a meal.

6. Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism & Renal/Hepatic Adjustment

Absorption & Disposition:
Comparative pharmacokinetic profile co-indexed under [4.5].
Metabolism & Biotransformation:
Contraindicated in severe hepatic insufficiency (impaired gluconeogenic counter-regulation).
Elimination & Renal Adjustment:
Initiate conservatively at 1 mg/day in CKD due to renal clearance of active M1 metabolite and heightened prolonged hypoglycaemia risk; avoid in severe renal failure (eGFR < 30 mL/min).
Hepatic Impairment Considerations:
Contraindicated in severe hepatic insufficiency (impaired gluconeogenic counter-regulation).

7. Contraindications, Precautions & High-Risk Warnings

Contraindications & Red-Flag Precautions:
  • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus or Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
  • Severe renal or severe hepatic impairment
  • Pregnancy and lactation
  • Hypersensitivity to sulfonylureas or sulfonamides

Key Clinical Precautions: Contraindicated in severe hepatic insufficiency (impaired gluconeogenic counter-regulation).

8. Adverse Effects Profile

Common & Mechanism-Related Adverse Effects:
  • Hypoglycaemia (sweating, tremor, palpitations, confusion, neuroglycopenia — lower risk than Glibenclamide but still ISMP High-Alert)
  • Modest weight gain (1.5–3 kg)
  • Rare cholestatic jaundice, hyponatraemia, or blood dyscrasias
Serious / Dose-Limiting Adverse Effects:

    9. Major Drug–Drug, Drug–Food & Drug–Herb Interactions

    • CYP2C9 inhibitors (Fluconazole, Voriconazole, Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Metronidazole, Amiodarone): precipitate severe, prolonged hypoglycaemia
    • Beta-blockers (Propranolol, Metoprolol): mask adrenergic warning signs of hypoglycaemia and impair glycogenolysis
    • Alcohol: inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and causes severe hypoglycaemia

    10. Clinical Monitoring, Patient Counselling & Storage

    Clinical & Laboratory Monitoring: Monitor clinical parameters per parent class monograph [4.5].

    Pharmacist Patient Counselling Points:

    • Take with breakfast; NEVER take Glimepiride if you plan to fast or skip a meal.
    • Always carry fast-acting glucose (15 g glucose tablets or 3 teaspoons of sugar) to treat symptoms of low blood sugar (Rule of 15).
    • Inform physician before taking antifungals (Fluconazole) or antibiotics (Cotrimoxazole).

    Storage, Stability & Dispensing Safeguards: Store below 30°C in a dry place.

    11. Visual Pharmacology & Mechanism Diagram (svg-v339-01-adme-12-step-journey)

    THE 12-STEP ORAL DRUG JOURNEY THROUGH THE HUMAN BODY (LADME) Note: IV bolus enters Step 6 directly (F = 100%); Sublingual & Transdermal routes bypass Step 4–5 Portal First-Pass Metabolism 1. Oral Administration • Tablet / Capsule swallowed • Gastric emptying to duodenum pH 1.5–3.5 (Stomach) 2. Disintegration & Dissolution • Tablet breaks into granules • API dissolves in GI fluid Noyes-Whitney Dissolution Rate 3. GI Epithelial Absorption • Crosses intestinal villi • Passive / Active / P-gp efflux Small Intestine (Large Surface Area) 4. Portal Circulation • Mesenteric veins → Portal vein • Delivers blood to liver sinusoids Pre-systemic Venous Conduit 5. First-Pass Metabolism • Gut & hepatic CYP450 extraction • High: GTN, Propranolol, Morphine Determines Bioavailability (F = f_a × (1-E_H)) 6. Systemic Circulation • Hepatic vein → IVC → Heart • Unbound vs Albumin-bound drug Only FREE drug is active 7–8. Tissue Distribution (Vd) • Capillary permeation to organs • Blood-Brain & Placental barriers Vd = Dose / C_0 (L or L/kg) 9. Target Site of Action • Receptors (GPCR, Ion channel) • Enzymes & Carrier Transporters Pharmacodynamic Effect (E_max, EC50) 10. Hepatic Biotransformation • Phase I (CYP450 Oxidation/Hydrolysis) • Phase II (Glucuronidation/Sulfation) Converts lipophilic drug → hydrophilic metabolite 11. Renal & Biliary Elimination • Nephron: Filtration + Secretion − Reabsorption • Biliary excretion & Enterohepatic recycling Total Clearance CL_tot = CL_renal + CL_hepatic 12. Excretion from the Body • Urine (Primary polar metabolite route) • Bile/Faeces, Expired Air, Sweat, Milk Elimination Half-Life t1/2 = (0.693 × Vd) / CL
    svg-v339-01-adme-12-step-journey — 8.1 Complete 12-Step Journey of an Orally Administered Drug (ADME): Figure 8.1: The 12-step physiological journey of a typical orally administered solid dosage form through Liberation, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (LADME). Note: Parenteral (IV), sublingual, and inhalational routes bypass gastrointestinal absorption and/or hepatic first-pass metabolism.

    12. Authoritative References, Regulatory Sources & Editorial Disclaimer

    Primary Compendial & Guideline Reference: Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP 2022) • NFI • CDSCO

    Official Verification Portals: Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) & National Formulary of India (NFI) • Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) • Ministry of Health & Family Welfare — NLEM 2022 • NCBI Bookshelf / StatPearls Pharmacology Reference • DailyMed (US FDA Official Prescribing Reference)

    Last Medically & Pharmaceutically Reviewed: 2026-11-10 • Verification Status: VERIFIED_EDUCATIONAL_CONTENT

    Educational & Clinical Disclaimer: This reference profile is published solely for pharmacy education, academic study, and professional clinical reference. It does not substitute for patient-specific clinical judgement, qualified specialist oncology/medical supervision, or official CDSCO/IP prescribing information. Never self-medicate with prescription, Schedule H/H1/X, NDPS, or oncology medicines.

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    Educational Reference Notice: This printout from THE INDIAN PHARMACIST (https://theindianpharmacist.com/medicine/4-5-cmp12-glibenclamide-glyburide-ip/, Last Reviewed: 2026-11-10) is an educational reference sheet for students and healthcare learners. It is NOT an official prescribing guideline or patient-specific treatment order.